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CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CYBERSPACE LAW

BY

S J TUBRAZY

Law and organized social living are integral parts of each other; modern human life is complex one but organized as well. How much modern life is being organized it is becoming more protégé of electronic and digital gear and internet.

Internet is the most advanced electronic communication system. Its role and function are being developed as inevitable part of life of man of this age. The legal developments in the history of internet are in initial stage we may trace the footsteps of legal development which has opted nationally and internationally.

UNCITRAL was established by UN in 1966 and it is stand for United Nation Commission on international Trade Law. Its basic purposes among various others to promote and adoption of new international conventions, model laws (a model law is a legislative text that is recommended to states for enactment as part of their national law) and uniform laws for international trade laws.  The models laws which have been adopted by UNCITRAL in relating to the electronic commerce and electronic signatures were as underneath;

1.      Model law on Electronic Commerce 1996.

2.      Model law on Electronic Signature 1998- 2001.

These model laws played a fundamental role for preliminary enactment of electronic laws in various countries.

Wipo Copy Right Rules 1996 and Wipo Performance and Phonograms Treaty Rules 1996 are regulating the copy right infringements and trade mark issues at nationally and internationally. The ICANN Uniform Domain Name Disputes Resolution Policy 1998 a non-profit corporation that was created to supervise a number of Internet-related.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 (DMCA) is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works and it also criminalizes the act of dodging an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself.

The European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive or EUCD 2001, which addresses several of the issues as to criminalize production and broadcasting of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyright.

The Information Technology Act was enacted in the year 2000 with a view to give an impetus to the growth of electronic based transactions, to provide legal recognition for e-commerce and e-transactions, to facilitate e-governance, to prevent computer based crimes and ensure security practices and procedures in the context of widest possible use of information technology worldwide.

The Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 and Prevention of Electronic Crime Ordinance 2008 were enacted in Pakistan to provide legal recognition for e-commerce and e-transaction and to prevent computer based crimes in the contemporary digital age.

Evolution of legal process always run side by side the society move, problems and issues are always interrelated to all kinds of facilities that man adopts. The electronic age required to be recognized its uniform legal existence to resolve its issues coming forth. Model Laws and rules adopted by UNCITRAL are basis of all electronic laws and rules enacted and introduced at nations. World recognized uniform laws, rules and policies can only resolve the all electronic issues successfully.

(The Author is attorney of cyber laws in Pakistan)

In todays world, automotive security is an absolute must. Everyday there are hundreds of cars that are either burglarized or stolen. With the newer and more high tech cars that are available on the market, it is of no big surprise. These newer automobile models also include many new gadgets such as GPS systems, high tech stereos, communication systems and many others. For these reasons it is important for us to have the proper automotive security to protect our vehicles as well as our selves and our families.

Our vehicles are a very important tool and part of our lives that we do not want any one to mess with. They are the things that we use to take us to work, to the store, to take the children on a trip to the park, or even visit loved ones. In very simple terms, it is the tool we use to get around. Now, automobiles are not cheap, they can be very expensive. With this in mind, we want to make sure that we take all the steps needed to make sure that our vehicles are safe and protected. Much the same way as we want to protect our families. In this article we will discuss some of the basic ideas for providing you with automobile security.

One of the very first things that we should start with, is locking the doors of your vehicle whether you are in it or not. Your doors should remain locked at all times. There are many people who will watch for this in a person. It shows them who is vulnerable and who is not. Also when you take that trip into town or wherever it is that you are going make sure to park in place that is very visible. If parking at night, you want to make sure that the area is lighted brightly. This is one way to deter any evil doers from breaking into you vehicle.

Now, those are just a few of the basic steps to help in automobile security. It is highly recommended to take your security to the next step in order to better protect your vehicle. With the technology that we have at our disposal today, there are many devices that can be used for vehicle security. The GPS systems have the ability to track your vehicle in the case that a burglar actually got into your vehicle. The various other alarm systems that can be installed in your car have various and numerous functions that will make a burglar think twice about messing with your vehicle. These alarm systems are designed to make loud sounds that will draw attention to the vehicle in the case of being bumped or touched.

Many of these systems are even smart enough to distinguish from being brushed up against as opposed to someone actually trying to break into the vehicle. There are even devices that can be installed that will shut your vehicles engine down if a key is not used to start the car. The use of such devices as a steering wheel lock will lock the wheel so that the car can not be steered. If a burglar sees this, they will think twice about trying to steal your car.

By using these steps and tips, you can bring a good sense of automotive security to your vehicle. A vehicle is practically a part of the family. You want to protect it as you would protect your family and friends. Providing a safe trip for your family and ensuring that you vehicle is protected is taking responsibility for your possessions. Be responsible and safe.

Most consumers buy computers that are pre-assembled by a company. When hardware malfunctions, new parts are used to get the machine back in business. Because improvements in computer technology drive down the cost of new hardware over time, newer parts can be used when facing computer hardware repair.

Installing new parts can be rather difficult. If your computer comes pre-built, it can be difficult to manage any compatibility issues that crop up when you upgrade various components. However, if you are planning on digging into your wallet for computer hardware repair already, you might as well get some better pieces of hardware for your computer. It could cost about the same amount of as replacing an old component. Professionals that fix computers are qualified to install a new piece of hardware. They can easily deal with compatibility issues that might trouble you during installation.

Think About Upgrade Potential When Purchasing Your Computer

Computer manufacturers frequently impede your upgrade potential with some poor quality parts. If you are hoping to upgrade your computer, consider reevaluating the power supply and motherboard on your system. Many computer builds have inadequate power supplies. For example, many new machines come with power supplies in the 300 watt range. While this might power your standard computer used for web browsing, it won’t work for future technology or high performance graphics cards. A motherboard might limit your potential upgrades in some ways as well. If you’re looking to regularly upgrade your computer, you’ll need a high-quality power supply and motherboard. There are high wattage power supplies available at around $100. If you replace your power supply, every computer hardware repair problem will turn into an excuse for a powerful upgrade. If your processor breaks down, pop it out and replace it with something faster. If your graphics card overheats, just install an inexpensive new one.

Inadequate Supply Drives Up the Price of Replacement Parts

It can be challenging to fix machines that are pre-made by a manufacturer. These machines typically use components that are built specially for the machine. As time passes, these parts become obsolete. However, they also become scarce. Most consumers try to replace hardware by installing a new version of the original part. Supply and demand do not work in your favor in this situation. However, you are already putting up the money for computer hardware repair. Anybody with the knowledge to fix computers can perform even the most complicated upgrades. Using newer and better parts will be less expensive than using a manufacturer’s replacement part.

Ultimately, one should see hardware collapse as a chance to improve computer performance. It is important to consider this goal when choosing your computer. you’ll want something with considerable upgrade potential. Miniature computers can be difficult to upgrade. Machines with weak power supplies are also more difficult to improve over time. If you take this into account, it will be easy to get a substantial performance boost from your next computer hardware repair experience.

More than 115 million people login to Facebook every month. It is the largest social networking tool and a great place in the web for building your brand and driving traffic to your site. However, if you are not familiar with the viral techniques that work in the Facebook platform, soon you will find your brand tarnished. You can gain quick exposure to your businesses using the techniques discussed in this article.

1. Build a Facebook network. Before you start implementing any of the techniques discussed here, you need to develop a network of Facebook friends. To do that, join a few groups that are related to your business and a few groups that you are passionate about.

Ask people in the groups to add you as their friend. Facebook also has nifty tool that suggest people you would like to know. Send request to these people to add you as their friend. Send a short note explaining why you want to be their friend. If send 20 requests a day, you will have a network of more than 1,000 friends in two months.

2. Update your status every day. Login every day and update your status. Don’t use status messages like “I am sleeping now”, “Just came from work”. These types of status messages are not interesting. Use quotes from famous people about a specific niche, for example love, dedication, work ethics, peace, war, etc. You can also use jokes. Your aim is to draw people’s attention to your messages so that they would click on your profile to know more about you.

3. Wish birthday wishes everyday. Facebook also shows upcoming birthdays of all friends in your network. Every day send birthday wishes to friends whose birthdays are due. Read their profiles to know more about them and write a nice personal message on their walls. Don’t use canned birthday messages for everybody.

When you write on a friend’s wall in Facebook, everybody in the network gets updated news feed. You need to write something that get attention. You may craft a 10 to 20 attention grabbing birthday messages and than personalize them slightly for each friend.

4. Create a business page. Besides your personal page, you should also create a business page. Creating a business page is similar to creating a personal page in Facebook. Design a nice logo and use it for your business page picture.

Next, become a fan of your business page. You can use your business page to launch targeted Facebook ad campaign. Promote your Facebook business page using blogs, blog comments, etc. and ask people to become a fan of your business. Use some promotional materials, like free t-shirts, free eBooks etc as incentives for becoming a fan.

5. Tag promotional photos using friends’ names. Upload all promotional photos to your business page. Some people tag these photos with the names of their most influential friends in the network. Your promotional photos will show up in your friends’ news feeds. Once you setup a network of friends, make a list of friends with high number of friends, preferably more than 1000. Setup your mini network to tag each others names in promotional photos.

6. Change your relationship status regularly if it is possible. One of the least frequent activity in Facebook is changing the relationship. Because people don’t change their relationship frequently, Facebook places a great deal of importance to relationship change and send the news feeds to everybody in your network whenever there is a change in your relationship status.

People have explored this loop hole to attract attention to their profiles. They change their relationship almost weekly and try to attract visitors to their profiles. It is up to you to adopt this technique because it may not reflect your true relationship status. If you do adopt this technique, don’t forget to publish some promotional materials in  your personal feed.

7. Attend Multiple Events. True to its college root, Facebook is all about friends gathering at some place for an event. Facebook gives high priority to events in the news feed. Your goal is to RSVP all the events in your network even if you miss a few of them.

When your friends see you as a frequent event attendee, they consider you as an event resource. The trick  is to show your name in all the places you can. As your friends see your name multiple times, some will be curious to check your profile.

8. Import your blog post. If you have a blog, import your blog’s RSS feed into Facebook. Facebook will publish the articles in the feed as Facebook notes automatically. Encourage your friends to comments on your articles in Facebook notes. You can also tag friends in the articles but don’t overdo it.

9. Post comments on popular groups. Visit popular Facebook groups that you have joined regularly and post comments. Just like blog comments or forum posting, Facebook   comments on popular groups will attract attention to your name and profile. Add something valuable or post a link that adds value to the topic under discussions.

10. Start your own events. Events are very popular in Facebook and if you can promote it properly, it will have viral effects and thousands will register for the event. Send invitation to your network friends who have thousands of friends in their networks and also to attractive female friends in your network who may not have a large number of friends.

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